Maryland Law Regarding Feeding Tube Removal
J Am Geriatr Soc. 2019 Mar; 67(3): 626–628.
It is Time to Remove Feeding Tubes From POLST Forms
Susan W. Tolle
1 Division of General Internal Medicine and Geriatrics, Center for Ethics in Health Care, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland Oregon
Valerie M. Jimenez
2 Center for Ethics in Health Care, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland Oregon
Elizabeth Eckstrom
3 Division of General Internal Medicine and Geriatrics, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland Oregon
Received 2018 Nov 16; Revised 2018 Dec 31; Accepted 2019 Jan 1.
To the Editor: In 1993, an Oregon team of healthcare professionals (HCPs) created the Physician Orders for Life‐Sustaining Treatment (POLST) program to help ensure that patients with advanced illness had their wishes to have or to limit treatment honored as portable orders across settings of care.1 Other states have implemented components of Oregon's POLST program using a variety of program names. POLST‐like forms include orders about cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR), use of mechanical ventilation, and placement of a feeding tube. In the early 1990s, Oregon law specified that artificial nutrition be provided unless refused by a patient, supporting the inclusion of this treatment option on the initial version of the POLST form. When the POLST program was developed, little was known about artificial nutrition outcomes in persons with advanced illness.
WHY WE RECONSIDERED ARTIFICIAL NUTRITION ORDERS ON THE OREGON POLST FORM
Oregon has a greater penetration of POLST use than other state programs and therefore has the capability to provide guidance on quality improvement innovations based on Oregon POLST Registry data.2 As research began to demonstrate that artificial nutrition by feeding tube was of no value in patients with advanced dementia (compared to stroke with dysphagia, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, or persistent vegetative state, where it can extend life),3 we chose to specifically examine POLST Registry data for orders for artificial nutrition by feeding tube.
Historically, most patients (76.1%) with advanced illness and frailty were completing POLST forms to set limits on treatment.4 Most Oregon POLST forms had orders for "comfort measures only" (CMO) or "limited treatment" and "no artificial nutrition by tube." However, recent patterns of POLST orders have changed, with a rise in "attempt CPR and full treatment."2 Notably, this group has a higher rate of orders authorizing feeding tube placement (Figure 1).
Artificially administered nutrition order combinations on 37,569 Oregon Physician Orders for Life‐Sustaining Treatment (POLST) forms registered in 2017. Figure 1 does not include two smaller categories, "do not resuscitate (DNR) and full treatment," n = 1642 (long‐term artificial nutrition by tube, n = 108), and "attempt cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) and limited treatment," n = 2363 (long‐term artificial nutrition by tube, n = 79). *Missing orders in at least one section of POLST form (n = 1334) are not included in the data set. CMO, comfort measures only.
Orders for attempt CPR and full treatment increased 33.5% in 5 years, from 23.9% in 20124 to 31.9% in 2017 (Figure 1), and it is now the most common order combination submitted to the Registry. Orders to receive "long‐term artificial nutrition by tube" increased to more than 2500 registrants. Of all the registrants with orders for long‐term artificial nutrition by tube, 75% are attempt CPR and full treatment. The rising orders for long‐term feeding tubes at a time when national professional organizations documented harm in patients with advanced dementia served as a call to action.5, 6
POLST IS FOR EMERGENCY SITUATIONS, ARTIFICIAL NUTRITION IS NOT AN EMERGENCY
Decisions about artificially administered nutrition are not a medical emergency. The HCP has time for an informed consent process with signature of the patient or surrogate with his or her understanding of the risks, benefits, and alternatives to feeding tube use in the context of the patient's diagnosis. The process is unlike decisions to limit CPR and endotracheal intubation that require orders in advance of a crisis to avoid presumed consent for these standard emergency treatments. Given the nonemergent nature of tube feeding decision making, the best method to document wishes is an advance directive, not POLST.
Furthermore, Oregon's 2017 registry data show that HCPs are completing more POLST forms for CPR and full treatment, with 81.2% preferring temporary or long‐term feeding tube use. This compares to those opting for "do not attempt resuscitation" and CMO, with only 5.1% preferring temporary or long‐term feeding tube use (Figure 1). Because the default in medicine is to provide CPR and full treatment without a POLST form, POLST completion is not changing the care received and may cause inadvertent harms.7, 8
HARMS OUTWEIGH BENEFITS
Oregon's rate of feeding tube placement in advanced dementia is one of the lowest in the country, and percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy tube placement is dropping across the country.9 After more than 25 years of Oregon's POLST experience, evidence is growing regarding the disadvantages of having orders about artificially administered nutrition on the Oregon POLST form and we are unable to identify data supporting the benefits. Surrogates of those with advanced dementia might be misled to believe that tube feeding is a viable treatment option when it does not extend life and may increase suffering.5, 6
POLST remains an effective method to ensure a patient's wishes regarding emergency medical treatments, such as CPR and endotracheal intubation, are honored.2, 10 However, with harms outweighing the benefits, the time has come to remove the option of artificially administered nutrition from the POLST form. An advance directive is the better method to clarify wishes regarding tube feeding and other nonemergency treatments. Effective January 2019, the Oregon POLST form no longer includes orders regarding artificially administered nutrition.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
Financial Disclosure and Conflicts of Interest: Dr. Tolle reports grants from The Kinsman Foundation and The Denison Family Fund of the Oregon Community Foundation and receives salary support from the Oregon Health & Science University Center for Ethics in Health Care. Ms. Jimenez receives salary support from the Oregon Health & Science University Center for Ethics in Health Care. Dr. Eckstrom reports no grant funding or conflict of interest.
Author Contributions: All authors made significant contributions to the concept. Dr. Tolle performed primary acquisition and analysis of data. All authors participated in interpretation of results. Dr. Tolle and Ms. Jimenez compiled the initial manuscript draft, and all authors were involved in reviewing, revising, and editing. All authors have approved the manuscript for submission.
Sponsor's Role: The Kinsman Foundation and The Denison Family Fund of the Oregon Community Foundation had no role in the design, methods, data collection, analysis, or preparation of the manuscript. The Oregon Health & Science University Center for Ethics in Health Care administers the Oregon Physician Orders for Life‐Sustaining Treatment Program. The Center for Ethics is supported by private philanthropy and does not accept gifts from healthcare industry sources.
REFERENCES
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Source: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7065194/
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